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Machine learning is a subfield of computer science〔http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1116194/machine-learning 〕 that evolved from the study of pattern recognition and computational learning theory in artificial intelligence.〔 Machine learning explores the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data. Such algorithms operate by building a model from example inputs in order to make data-driven predictions or decisions,〔 rather than following strictly static program instructions. Machine learning is closely related to computational statistics; a discipline that aims at the design of algorithm for implementing statistical methods on computers. It has strong ties to mathematical optimization, which delivers methods, theory and application domains to the field. Machine learning is employed in a range of computing tasks where designing and programming explicit algorithms is infeasible. Example applications include spam filtering, optical character recognition (OCR),〔Wernick, Yang, Brankov, Yourganov and Strother, Machine Learning in Medical Imaging, ''IEEE Signal Processing Magazine'', vol. 27, no. 4, July 2010, pp. 25-38〕 search engines and computer vision. Machine learning is sometimes conflated with data mining, although that focuses more on exploratory data analysis. Machine learning and pattern recognition "can be viewed as two facets of the same field."〔 When employed in industrial contexts, machine learning methods may be referred to as predictive analytics or predictive modelling. == Overview == In 1959, Arthur Samuel defined machine learning as a "Field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed". Tom M. Mitchell provided a widely quoted, more formal definition: "A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect to some class of tasks T and performance measure P, if its performance at tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with experience E".〔Mitchell, T. (1997). ''Machine Learning'', McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-042807-7, p.2.〕 This definition is notable for its defining machine learning in fundamentally operational rather than cognitive terms, thus following Alan Turing's proposal in his paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" that the question "Can machines think?" be replaced with the question "Can machines do what we (as thinking entities) can do?" 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「machine learning」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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